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Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Chapter 1To 5 HTML

Contents

About

................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 1: Getting started with HTML

................................................................................................................ 2

Section 1.1: Hello World 2

Chapter 2: Doctypes

.................................................................................................................................................... 4

Section 2.1: Adding the Doctype 4

Section 2.2: HTML 5 Doctype 4

Chapter 3: Headings

.................................................................................................................................................... 5

Section 3.1: Using Headings 5

Chapter 4: Paragraphs

.............................................................................................................................................. 6

Section 4.1: HTML Paragraphs

Chapter 5: Text Formatting

..................................................................................................................................... 6

..................................................................................................................................... 7

Section 5.1: Highlighting 7

Section 5.2: Bold, Italic, and Underline 7

Section 5.3: Abbreviation 8

Section 5.4: Inserted, Deleted, or Stricken 8

Section 5.5: Superscript and Subscript 8

Chapter 1: Getting started with HTML

Version Speciﬁcation Release Date

1.0 N/A 1994-01-01

2.0 RFC 1866

1995-11-24

3.2 W3C: HTML 3.2 Speciﬁcation

1997-01-14

4.0 W3C: HTML 4.0 Speciﬁcation

1998-04-24

4.01 W3C: HTML 4.01 Speciﬁcation

1999-12-24

5 WHATWG: HTML Living Standard

2014-10-28

5.1 W3C: HTML 5.1 Speciﬁcation

2016-11-01

Section 1.1: Hello World

Introduction

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) uses a markup system composed of elements which represent speciﬁc content. Markup means that with HTML you declare what is presented to a viewer, not how it is presented. Visual representations are deﬁned by Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and realized by browsers. Still existing elements that allow for such, like e.g. font, "are entirely obsolete, and must not be used by authors"[1].

HTML is sometimes called a programming language but it has no logic, so is a markup language. HTML tags provide semantic meaning and machine-readability to the content in the page.

An element usually consists of an opening tag (<element_name>), a closing tag (</element_name>), which contain the element's name surrounded by angle brackets, and the content in between:

<element_name>...content...</element_name>

There are some HTML elements that don't have a closing tag or any contents. These are called void elements. Void elements include <img>, <meta>, <link> and <input>.

Element names can be thought of as descriptive keywords for the content they contain, such as video, audio, table, footer.

A HTML page may consist of potentially hundreds of elements which are then read by a web browser, interpreted and rendered into human readable or audible content on the screen.

For this document it is important to note the diﬀerence between elements and tags:

Elements: video, audio, table, footer

Tags: <video>, <audio>, <table>, <footer>, </html>, </body>

Element insight

Let's break down a tag...

The <p> tag represents a common paragraph.

Elements commonly have an opening tag and a closing tag. The opening tag contains the element's name in angle brackets (<p>). The closing tag is identical to the opening tag with the addition of a forward slash (/) between the opening bracket and the element's name (</p>).

Content can then go between these two tags: <p>This is a simple paragraph.</p>.

Creating a simple page

The following HTML example creates a simple "Hello World" web page.

HTML ﬁles can be created using any text editor. The ﬁles must be saved with a .html or .htm[2] extension in order to be recognized as HTML ﬁles.

Once created, this ﬁle can be opened in any web browser.

Simple page break down

These are the tags used in the example:

Tag Meaning

<!DOCTYPE> Deﬁnes the HTML version used in the document. In this case it is HTML5.

See the doctypes topic for more information.

Opens the page. No markup should come after the closing tag (</html>). The lang attribute declares

<html>

<head>

<meta>

the primary language of the page using the ISO language codes (en for English). See the Content Language topic for more information.

Opens the head section, which does not appear in the main browser window but mainly contains information about the HTML document, called metadata. It can also contain imports from external stylesheets and scripts. The closing tag is </head>.

Gives the browser some metadata about the document. The charset attribute declares the character encoding. Modern HTML documents should always use UTF-8, even though it is not a requirement. In HTML, the <meta> tag does not require a closing tag.

See the Meta topic for more information.

<title> The title of the page. Text written between this opening and the closing tag (</title>) will be displayed on the tab of the page or in the title bar of the browser.

<body> Opens the part of the document displayed to users, i.e. all the visible or audible content of a page. No content should be added after the closing tag </body>.

<h1> A level 1 heading for the page.

See headings for more information.

<p> Represents a common paragraph of text.

1. ↑ HTML5, 11.2 Non-conforming features

2. ↑ .htm is inherited from the legacy DOS three character ﬁle extension limit.

Chapter 2: Doctypes

Doctypes - short for 'document type' - help browsers to understand the version of HTML the document is written in for better interpretability. Doctype declarations are not HTML tags and belong at the very top of a document. This topic explains the structure and declaration of various doctypes in HTML.

Section 2.1: Adding the Doctype

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration should always be included at the top of the HTML document, before the <html> tag.

Version ≥ 5

See HTML 5 Doctype for details on the HTML 5 Doctype.

Section 2.2: HTML 5 Doctype

HTML5 is not based on SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), and therefore does not require a reference to a DTD (Document Type Deﬁnition).

HTML 5 Doctype declaration:

Case Insensitivity

Per the W3.org HTML 5 DOCTYPE Spec:

A DOCTYPE must consist of the following components, in this order:

1. A string that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "<!DOCTYPE".

therefore the following DOCTYPEs are also valid:

This SO article discusses the topic extensively: Uppercase or lowercase doctype?

Chapter 3: Headings

HTML provides not only plain paragraph tags, but six separate header tags to indicate headings of various sizes and thicknesses. Enumerated as heading 1 through heading 6, heading 1 has the largest and thickest text while heading 6 is the smallest and thinnest, down to the paragraph level. This topic details proper usage of these tags.

Section 3.1: Using Headings

Headings can be used to describe the topic they precede and they are deﬁned with the <h1> to <h6> tags. Headings support all the global attributes.

<h1> deﬁnes the most important heading.

<h6> deﬁnes the least important heading.

Deﬁning a heading:

Correct structure matters

Search engines and other user agents usually index page content based on heading elements, for example to create a table of contents, so using the correct structure for headings is important.

In general, an article should have one h1 element for the main title followed by h2 subtitles – going down a layer if necessary. If there are h1 elements on a higher level they shoudn't be used to describe any lower level content.

Example document (extra intendation to illustrate hierarchy):

Chapter 4: Paragraphs

Column Column

<p> Deﬁnes a paragraph

<br> Inserts a single line break

<pre> Deﬁnes pre-formatted text

Paragraphs are the most basic HTML element. This topic explains and demonstrates the usage of the paragraph element in HTML.

Section 4.1: HTML Paragraphs

The HTML <p> element deﬁnes a paragraph:

Display-

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.

Large or small screens, and resized windows will create diﬀerent results.

With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code. The browser will remove any extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed:

Chapter 5: Text Formatting

While most HTML tags are used to create elements, HTML also provides in-text formatting tags to apply speciﬁc text-related styles to portions of text. This topic includes examples of HTML text formatting such as highlighting, bolding, underlining, subscript, and stricken text

Section 5.1: Highlighting

The <mark> element is new in HTML5 and is used to mark or highlight text in a document "due to its relevance in another context".1

The most common example would be in the results of a search were the user has entered a search query and results are shown highlighting the desired query.

Output:

A common standard formatting is black text on a yellow background, but this can be changed with CSS.

Section 5.2: Bold, Italic, and Underline

Bold Text

To bold text, use the <strong> or <b> tags:

What's the diﬀerence? Semantics. <strong> is used to indicate that the text is fundamentally or semantically important to the surrounding text, while <b> indicates no such importance and simply represents text that should be bolded.

If you were to use <b> a text-to-speech program would not say the word(s) any diﬀerently than any of the other words around it - you are simply drawing attention to them without adding any additional importance. By using

<strong>, though, the same program would want to speak those word(s) with a diﬀerent tone of voice to convey that the text is important in some way.

Italic Text

To italicize text, use the <em> or <i> tags:

What's the diﬀerence? Semantics. <em> is used to indicate that the text should have extra emphasis that should be stressed, while <i> simply represents text which should be set oﬀ from the normal text around it.

For example, if you wanted to stress the action inside a sentence, one might do so by emphasizing it in italics via

<em>: "Would you just submit the edit already?"

But if you were identifying a book or newspaper that you would normally italicize stylistically, you would simply use

<i>: "I was forced to read Romeo and Juliet in high school.

Underlined Text

While the <u> element itself was deprecated in HTMl 4, it was reintroduced with alternate semantic meaning in HTML 5 - to represent an unarticulated, non-textual annotation. You might use such a rendering to indicate misspelled text on the page, or for a Chinese proper name mark.

Section 5.3: Abbreviation

To mark some expression as an abbreviation, use <abbr> tag:

If present, the title attribute is used to present the full description of such abbreviation.

Section 5.4: Inserted, Deleted, or Stricken

To mark text as inserted, use the <ins> tag:

To mark text as deleted, use the <del> tag:

To strike through text, use the <s> tag:

Section 5.5: Superscript and Subscript

To oﬀset text either upward or downward you can use the tags <sup> and <sub>. To create superscript:

To create subscript:

@EVERYTHINGNT

Monday, May 18, 2020

SQL Injection Attacks And Defense | By Justin Clarke | Pdf Free

Continue reading

Airpwn: A Wireless Packet Injector

"Airpwn is a framework for 802.11 (wireless) packet injection. Airpwn listens to incoming wireless packets, and if the data matches a pattern specified in the config files, custom content is injected "spoofed" from the wireless access point. From the perspective of the wireless client, airpwn becomes the server." read more...

Website: http://airpwn.sourceforge.net

Related news

LEGALITY OF ETHICAL HACKING

Why ethical hacking?

Legality of Ehical Hacking

Ethical hacking is legal if the hacker abides by the rules stipulated in above section on the definition of ethical hacking.

Ethical hacking is not legal for black hat hackers.They gain unauthorized access over a computer system or networks for money extortion.

More info

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Samurai: Web Testing Framework

"The Samurai Web Testing Framework is a live linux environment that has been pre-configured to function as a web pen-testing environment. The CD contains the best of the open source and free tools that focus on testing and attacking websites. In developing this environment, we have based our tool selection on the tools we use in our security practice. We have included the tools used in all four steps of a web pen-test." read more...

Website: http://samurai.inguardians.com

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Nmap: Getting Started Guide

Nmap is a free utility tool for network discovery, port scanning and security auditing, even though we can use it for more than that but in this article we will learn how to do these three things with nmap.

The original author of nmap is Gordon Lyon (Fyodor). Nmap is licensed under GPL v2 and has available ports in many different languages. Nmap is available for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. You can download your copy of nmap from their website.

Lets get started with nmap.

When performing pentests we always look for networks we are going to attack. We need to identify live hosts on the network so that we can attack them. There are plenty of tools available for finding live hosts on a network but nmap is one of the best tools for doing this job.

Lets start with simple host (target) discovery scans i,e scans that will tell us which ip address is up on our target network. Those ip addresses which are up on our target network are the ones that are assigned to a device connected on our target network. Every device on the network is going to have a unique ip address.
To perform a simple host discovery scan we use the following command

nmap -v -sn 10.10.10.0/24

flags we used in the above command are
-v for verbose output
-sn to disable port scan (we don't want to scan for ports right now)

Following the flags is the ip address of the target network on which we want to look for live hosts. The /24 at the end of the ip address is the CIDR that specifies the subnet of the network on which we are looking for live hosts.

After running the above command you should get a list of live hosts on your target network.
If you just want to know the list of ip addresses your command is going to scan, you can use the -sL flag of the nmap like this.

nmap -sL 10.10.10.0/24

this command will simply output the list of ip addresses to scan.

We sometimes want to do dns resolution (resolving ip addresses to domain names) when performing our network scans and sometimes we don't want dns resolution. While performing a host discovery scan with nmap if we want to perform dns resolution we use -R flag in our command like this:

nmap -v -sn -R 10.10.10.0/24

And if we don't want to perform dns resolution of hosts during our scan we add the -n flag to our command like this:

nmap -v -sn -n 10.10.10.0/24

After we have discovered the hosts that are up on our target network, we usually put the ip addresses of these hosts into a file for further enumeration.

Next step in our enumeration would be to detect which operating system and which ports are running on these live hosts, for that we run this command:

nmap -O -v 10.10.10.119

here we use -O (capital o not zero) for operating system detection and by default nmap performs SYN Scan for port discovery. However nmap scans for 1000 ports only by default of a particular host.

To make nmap go over a list of ip addresses in a file we use -iL flag like this:

nmap -O -v -iL targetlist

where targetlist is the name of the file which contains ip addresses that we want to perform port scan on.

To make nmap scan all the ports of a target we use the -p flag like this:

nmap -p- -v 10.10.10.121

We can also specify a range of ports using the -p flag like this:

nmap -p1-500 -v 10.10.10.121

here 1-500 means scan all the ports from 1 to 500.

We can use a number of scan techniques to discover open ports on our network but I will only discuss some of them for brevity.

We can perform a TCP SYN scan using nmap with -sS flag like this:

nmap -sS -v 10.10.10.150

We have also flags for TCP connect and ACK scans which are -sT -sA

nmap -sT -v 10.10.10.150

nmap -sA -v 10.10.10.150

We can also perform UDP scan as well instead of TCP scan using -sU flag

nmap -sU -v 10.10.10.150

We can perform TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans using the flags -sN, -sF, -sX

nmap -sN -v 10.10.10.150

nmap -sF -v 10.10.10.150

nmap -sX -v 10.10.10.150

If you don't know what these scans are then please visit Port Scanning Techniques and Algorithms for explanation.

After discovering the open ports on our target host, we want to enumerate what services are running on those open ports. To enumerate services and versions information on open ports we use the -sV flag like this:

nmap -sV -v 10.10.10.118

This should give us information about what services are running on what ports and what versions of those services are running on the target host.

nmap has an interesting feature called NSE nmap scripting engine. It allows users to write their own scripts, using the Lua programming language, to automate a wide variety of networking tasks. nmap ships with a diverse set of scripts which are very helpful to enumerate a target. To use the nmap default set of scripts while enumerating the target, we use the -sC flag like this:

nmap -sC -sV -v 10.10.10.118

We can also save the results of our nmap scans to a file using the -o flag like this

nmap -sC -sV -v -oA defaultscan 10.10.10.119

here -oA tells the nmap to output results in the three major formats at once and defaultscan is the name of the file that will be prepended to all the three output files.

This is the end of this short tutorial see you next time.

References:
https://nmap.org/book/scan-methods-null-fin-xmas-scan.html

Top Process Related Commands In Linux Distributions

Commands in Linux are just the keys to explore and close the Linux. As you can do things manually by simple clicking over the programs just like windows to open an applications. But if you don't have any idea about commands of Linux and definitely you also don't know about the Linux terminal. You cannot explore Linux deeply. Because terminal is the brain of the Linux and you can do everything by using Linux terminal in any Linux distribution. So, if you wanna work over the Linux distro then you should know about the commands as well. In this blog you will exactly get the content about Linux processes commands which are are given below.

ps

The "ps" command is used in Linux to display your currently active processes over the Linux based system. It will give you all the detail of the processes which are active on the system.

ps aux|grep

The "ps aux|grep" command is used in Linux distributions to find all the process id of particular process like if you wanna know about all the process ids related to telnet process then you just have to type a simple command like "ps aux|grep 'telnet'". This command will give you the details about telnet processes.

pmap

The "pmap" command in Linux operating system will display the map of processes running over the memory in Linux based system.

top

The "top" command is used in Linux operating system to display all the running processes over the system's background. It will display all the processes with process id (pid) by which you can easily kill/end the process.

Kill pid

Basically the kill command is used to kill or end the process or processes by simply giving the process id to the kill command and it will end the process or processes. Just type kill and gave the particular process id or different process ids by putting the space in between all of them. kill 456 567 5673 etc.

killall proc

The "killall proc" is the command used in Linux operating system to kill all the processes named proc in the system. Killall command just require a parameter as name which is common in some of the processes in the system.

bg

The "bg" is the command used in Linux distributions to resume suspended jobs without bringing them to foreground.

fg

The "fg" command is used in Linux operating system to brings the most recent job to foreground. The fg command also requires parameters to do some actions like "fg n" n is as a parameter to fg command that brings job n to the foreground.